How to Write a Hypothesis Paper

How to Write a Hypothesis PaperIt is almost impossible to go into a university with any degree of success without knowing how to write a hypothesis paper. This particular paper type is one of the most important requirements for an academic career, and it is also one of the simplest to understand. However, it is crucial that you understand exactly what goes into the writing of this paper.For starters, you must understand that you are merely writing to get past your professors and obtain your degree, and you are not attempting to prove anything to these great minds. At the same time, however, you are also writing to provide a certain amount of direction for your fellow students. And if they are following what you write, they will be more inclined to do so themselves. The method of making sure that you can follow what you wrote also provides a basis for your own writing.You need to understand that how to write a hypothesis paper involves you coming up with some sort of idea that will he lp the other students in your class become successful. This may seem like an obvious idea, but it's quite easy to get lost in trying to come up with your own ideas and coming up with something truly unique and ground-breaking. All you really need to understand how to do is stick to some of the most common ideas that you will be exposed to when you take your classes.You will need to start by looking at these ideas and coming up with an original thought on them. As you study, you will be able to come up with ideas that are uniquely yours. These ideas should be something that you will be proud of for years to come.Another thing that you will need to understand about how to write a hypothesis paper is that you need to be able to come up with original ideas that other people haven't even thought of. If your professor has not even thought of an idea, then chances are that you have no idea what you are talking about. This could very well spell disaster for your grades. If you can show that you know some new and interesting things that only a handful of other people in your class have ever heard of, you will likely find yourself in the Dean's office for having too much freedom.If you are asked to research something, you need to make sure that you are looking at sources that are completely original. There are many resources that say that they have been used before, but when you actually look through them, you find that they are not original. You should always use these resources as they are written and in the original. This will help you be able to come up with ideas that are original.It is essential that you make sure that your sources are completely original as well, and this means that you need to make sure that the formatting is not copied from elsewhere. There are many resources that claim to be from the original source material, but once you open them up, you see that they are actually written in a style that looks very similar to that of your professor's or your book. You should never plagiarize someone else's ideas.Finally, you need to make sure that you thoroughly understand all of the ideas that you come up with, and you need to be able to show that you understand the original concepts of the ideas that you are providing. You should be able to understand and explain these ideas to the class with ease. By following these simple steps, you will be well on your way to understanding how to write a hypothesis paper.

The Exploration of Turmoil in Wilfred Owens Storm - Literature Essay Samples

For the Ancient Greeks, the concept of love was divided into six different categories: in particular, eros represented the idea of sexual passion and desire. While current societies tend to glorify this variety of romantic love, Greek culture viewed eros as something potentially dangerous; such intense ardour becomes the downfall of man, his weakness and insanity. For the main persona in Owens Storm, it is this power of unrequited love that creates a sense of turmoil ubiquitous throughout the verse. A primary aspect of this piece’s approach is its manipulation of pathetic fallacy to convey the speaker’s feelings about the object of their affections. By comparing this person to the titular ‘storm’, Owen simultaneously expresses his own feelings of inferiority and inadequacy. For example, the very beginning speaks of beauty that is ‘as a cloud with glimmering lightning’; it is beauty that is as fascinating as it is dangerous, and immediately brings to mind the horror of being struck. In the speaker’s case, to be attracted to someone who could also be a source of harm is disconcerting, and sets up the inner struggle that is preserved throughout the following stanzas. Again, the personification extends to the lover’s cloudlike ‘shadowing’ of the speaker, almost as if stalking him, and their reaction is evident: ‘I shook, and was uneasy as a tree’. The discomfort caused is so great that the persona is tre mbling, but whether this unease is as a result of awe, fear, or anxiety is unclear this ambiguity further supports the speaker’s confused mentality. Yet, regardless, the persona is ‘bowed’ to the sheer force of this storm: though they grapple with their internalised turmoil, they know there is an inescapable power the subject has over them, a ‘brilliant danger’ that they are madly drawn to. It is this same sentiment that continues into the second stanza: the persona’s hesitant acceptance of their infatuation. It is his duty to ‘tempt that face to loose its lightning’ this metaphor exists as an end-stop sentence, a fully-formed sentence that sits as a very stark confession to the reader. Despite the likelihood of unknown, negative consequences, there is a willingness to at least try. However, the characteristic sense of disturbance and unrest is still perpetuated. The lover is not only so unforgettable and dangerous that these qualities are immortalised in this metaphorical tempest, he is ‘lovelier than love’, too good to be true. As such, Owen’s desire for somebody so unattainable throws his heart into a desperate yearning, only further complicating the chaotic nature of the poem. In this simile here we learn that, not only are they in love with somebody beautiful to a fatal fault, but the implication is that this love may be unr eciprocated. Owen’s penchant for classic allusions is employed to develop on this point, by referring to the Greek gods who ‘will laugh above’. Knowing they are infatuated with somebody who might not even know they exist is such a humiliating experience for the persona that they can see a higher power tormenting them for it but it is clear to the reader that this is created in the speaker’s own mind. This turmoil is imposed on the speaker by themselves, a feeling of internalised shame and foolishness that the lover’s silence and difference has inflicted. For Owen’s persona, the anguish of love is threefold: the previous quatrains dealt with the danger of this human storm and the pain of unrequited love, but the final stanza sheds the light on the most painful component. While there has been an implicit undercurrent of disturbance and unease in the preceding verses, it is now that Owen directly acknowledges these concerns when he defiantly questions the men who will ‘cry aloud and start’, and the women who ‘hide bleak faces’ at the sight of his maddening love. Yet again, there is a suggestion of mockery: the term ‘hilarious’ is chosen distinctly to describe the speaker’s downfall, bringing to mind an image of a relationship that is taunted and ostracised by the mainstream sections of society. To this persona, the most intimidating facet of this potential love is the disapproval it will face in the eyes of the public: it is against this condemnation that they will be ‘bright wi th their unearthly brightening’. This phrase is a specific example of various promises Owen makes to love against all odds, and the rhetorical question posed in the finale suggests that these odds are seemingly unsurmountable. In the context of Owen’s own personal experiences, many schools of thought debate the possibility of this poem exploring repressed homosexuality. These ending lines compared with the use of male pronouns throughout provide strong evidence in favour of this argument. Presuming this poem could potentially serve as a confession of love to another man, Owen’s historical context is likewise important. Suppressed by an intensely homophobic community, this speaker’s turmoil could potentially also be a result of fear of the consequences of a same-sex relationship. Even in the structure of the poem, this is represented by the combination of Shakespearean and Petrarchan sonnet styles in the changing rhyme schemes: the going against convention is a physical extension of the ostracism the speaker feels. This coherently supports the overarching feeling of turbulence and uncertainty that is present through this work. However, where the two previous quatrains posed problems and queries, it is in this final sestet that Owen reaches a sense of calm and offers something of a resolution. The first two stanzas feature incredible varied lineation, creating an idea of wild, anguished movement, while the resolution is represented by a relatively normal structure. Here, even despite all the various and suffocating examples of pain and turmoil he has cited, the young lover persona is determined to ‘shine the opening of my heart’: they are ready for the light of their truth, and ready to experience this love. Love is at times a state of war, and to love a person who is so destructively beautiful against all odds is nothing short of a bloodbath. Yet, in spite of these tangible fears of unrequited love and the societal pressure to quell the speaker’s passion, a quiet vow is made to love even if it their ‘sap consume’. No matter the self-sacrifice, Owen is resolute in this promise: but the courage it requires is incomparable, and the turmoil in the heart of a speaker who faces the world alone still lingers long after the reader finishes the last line.

Effects Of Child Labor During The Industrial Revolution...

Effects of Child Labor in the Industrial Revolution versus Modern Europe By: Lariah Thiel Child labor has been a very big problem since the Industrial Revolution. As the world began to industrialize, the demand for labor increased greatly. During the Industrial Revolution child labor became a very important aspect of everyday life because the demand for laborers had grown so much. Families were not only dependent on adults for money, but they were also dependent of their children. Some children began working under the age of 8, and to some that is just not right. During the Industrial Revolution children were needed in many different industries such as coal mines, factories, and in agriculture. Child Labor has been proven to have very harmful effects on the children. This is because the children were put in hazardous, unhygienic conditions that brought harm to their health. Along with health problems it also caused a lot of stress to the children because the children were not only expected to do work, but also to go to school, and help around the house. Labor in the Coal Mines During the industrial revolution there was a huge demand for coal, this was because coal was used to fuel railroads. The increase in demand for coal meant that there was a huge demand for laborers. Coal miners were brought from all ages. Children started working in the coal mines as young as eight years old. The children had to perform all different types of jobs in the coal mines.Show MoreRelated The Evolution of Childhood in Europe and America Essay2089 Words   |  9 PagesThe Evolution of Childhood in Europe and America Somewhere around the beginning of the seventeenth century, the perception of the nature of childhood -- its duration, its perceived purpose, its requirements, its quality -- changed rather significantly in the Eurocentric world, a period Valerie Suransky identifies as a watershed for the modern notion of childhood (1982, p. 6). Actually, two things seemed to have happened: first, the idea of childhood as a separate developmental stage beganRead MoreGlobal Big Business Is the Most Powerful Force for Improving Labor Standards in Developing Countries. Discuss.4605 Words   |  19 PagesGlobal big business is the most powerful force for improving labor standards in developing countries. Discuss. 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Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: FlorenceRead MoreGreat Inventors Changed our World3233 Words   |  13 Pages1.Eli Whitney was born in Westborough, Massachusetts in 1765. As a child he had a talent for machinery, he worked as a blacksmith, invented a nail-making machine, he then attended Yale college and graduated with a degree in engineering. Eli Whitney is an American inventor who is best known for his invention of the cotton gin as it was one of the most influential inventions during the Industrial Revolution shaping the economy of the Antebellum North and South. The invention of the Cotton gin madeRead MoreThe Gilded Age4082 Words   |  17 Pagessocial status. 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For if the intricate relations between language and thought came to be examined late in the 19th century, questions about the intercession betweenRead More The Gilded Age Essay4015 Words   |  17 Pagessocial status. Naturally, the poor will always feel cheated because they feel as if opportunity never has and never will pass them by. The rich, c onversely, will always feel as if they are doing society a great favor simply by having their wealth. Poor versus rich debates will never go away no matter how much change is done to government and society. The â€Å"just deserts† theory of poverty is one that best describes American society. â€Å"For many, the logic of the mobility ideology led to a ‘just deserts’ rationalizationRead MoreHistory of Social Work18530 Words   |  75 Pages39 Subjects allocated to the Ministry of Social Justice Empowerment -India ..............................................................41 Ministry of Women and Child Development -India .....................................................................................................42 Subjects allocated Ministry of Women and Child Development -India .......................................................................43 2 S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work HistoryRead MoreEducation in South Africa12740 Words   |  51 Pagesto several towns in an area; and a few secondary schools in larger cities. But during the last decades of that century, all four provinces virtually abolished African enrollment in government schools. African children attended mission schools, for the most part, and were taught by clergy or by lay teachers, sometimes with government assistance[. Higher education was generally reserved for those who could travel to Europe, but in 1829 the government established the multiracial South African CollegeRead MoreImpact of Emerging Markets on Marketing15122 Words   |  61 Pagesfaithbased sociopolitical institutions in which public policy matters. They also suffer from inadequate infrastructure and chronic shortage of resources. Most of the competition comes from unbranded products or services, and consumption is more of a make versus buy decision and less about what brand to buy. Therefore, many beliefs that are fundamental to marketing, such as market segmentation, market orientation, and brand equity, are at odds with the realities of emerging markets. At the same time, the

What Impact Does Entertainment Technology Have on Child...

INTRODUCTION It is widely believed by many that the ever-increasing proliferation of technology within entertainment has had detrimental effects on those children exposed to them, with many youngsters forgoing the more traditional pursuits in favour of digital interaction with online acquaintances or artificial intelligence. Entertainment now contains a wide variety of technologies including television (standard or interactive), music, computers, games consoles, toys and the internet, to name but a few. The aim of this study is to identify whether these technologies have an impact on the behaviour of children in either a negative or positive aspect. Many experts within the child development field accord to the view that long periods†¦show more content†¦This has been met, however, with a corresponding rise in non-educational and other, marketing-orientated, programmes. This greater range has led to many fears over children spending too much time in front of the television and not engaging in other, more physical activities. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY Whilst it can be argued that technology has enhanced many aspects of our lives, it cannot replace real life completely. Sue Palmer, in her seminal work on child development, described how, as a result of over-protective parenting or due to very real safety concerns, traditional play has been replaced by an over-reliance on technology; a â€Å"screen-based lifestyle† and she argues that: â€Å"without sufficient opportunities to work off excess energy, any child...will be frustrated and fractious.† (2007, p53) This view is supported by Webster-Stratton who described television as â€Å"rendering children passive† and referred to research indicating that excessive exposure to television and computers â€Å"place children at risk for harmful effects on their physical, social and psychological development†. 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With societal innovation and the combination of technology and the internet, it introduced a social connection and efficient platform for the community. On the other hand, one may understand that such technological advances cause people to be distracted and isolated. In such a spectrum

Organizational Behavior for Academy of Management - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theOrganizational Behavior for Academy of Management Journal. Answer: Techniques used by the top management or the manager to increase the level of motivation of the employees Yes, I agree with the study that the managers should use motivation techniques, so that the employees can feel motivated and work in effective manner. The article gives main concentration on the techniques that should be considered by the managers, so that the productivity level can be increased. The thesis on which the focus is given is related with the techniques that are used by the top management so that the level of motivation of the employees can be enhanced in proper way. The main responsibility of the manager of Cerkezkoy is to give motivation to the employees, so that the efficiency can be seen in the work. It is very essential to attain the positive results to sustain in the market. If the organization is not able to attain the positive results then it can be very difficult for the organization to exist in the competitive market. The strength which is analyzed in the article is that the motivation techniques and methods give assistance to attain the goals of the organization. For the employees who are working in the organization, the support is considered as an important part. The support should be given to the top management, so that they can easily complete their activities or tasks on time. If the employees work efficiently, then it gives direct impact on the profitability of the organization. The employees or an individual who are working in the organization have their own needs and drives. The manager should analyze the needs so that motivation can be given to the employees, so that the work can be completed in an efficient manner (Vidyarthi, Anand and Liden, 2014). Motivation is a method which initiate and gives emphasis on the behavior of an individual or an employee who is working in the organization. The personal requirements of an employee are satisfied, as long as the individual is motivated to complete the task. It is seen that the manager can only attain the goals and objectives when he can maximize the level of satisfaction of both the employees and the organization. The motivation gives direct impact on the results of the organization. If a company takes into consideration to manufacture the products in large quantity to meet the needs and wants of the consumer and on the same hand if the employee is not motivated towards the work, he production capacity will be reduced and the organization has to face the negative results. The employees are as very important aspect of the organization. No matter how updated the organization uses technology, employees are very essential to conduct and operate the day to day operations of the organizati on (Colbert, Barrick and Bradley, 2014). If the business is successful, then there is a great factor behind it which is related with the level of motivation of the employees. If any of the employees are not motivated or have dissatisfaction from the job then it can give negative result and also hinder the working pattern of the employees. The growth and success of the company depends upon the motivation level of the employees working in the organization. To enhance the level of motivation, the company should use the methods like conducting fun activities at the workplace, programs which are related with compensation, training and also development (Greco, Charlier, Christopher and Brown, 2014). Job satisfaction of the employees is minimizing who are working in the organization. There are many employees who are attracted towards the job which give the balance between the work and family life. It is seen that employee turnover is considered as a very serious problem in the corporate environment. The employees who are not satisfy with the job leaves the organization which creates a major problem for the organization. So to retain more and more employees in the organization, motivation should be done by the top management. Turnover cost can result in very expensive and high. The financial performance of the organization is directly affected (Wilson, 2014). The employees who are working in the organization should feel comfortable to conduct its operations. If the employee is comfortable to work in an organization, then it can be beneficial for the organization and also for the employee. Every employee wants a good environment in which they can conduct their operation effectively. If the employees are not comfortable in conducting the operations, then it can be very difficult for the organization to attain the goals and objectives. The whole responsibility is on the manager to create a good working environment for the workers (Phillips and Phillips, 2016). It is also analyzed that the employees who are conducting the same task on daily basis get bored which gives the negative impact on the job performance. If the level of job performance is low then it is seen that the quality of work and productivity level also decreases. In this situation not only the employee suffers the drawbacks but the company also faces a huge loss. So, it is very essential for the top management or the managers to use the techniques related with motivation (Ford, 2014). To enhance the level of motivation the employees, the managers should try to make accurate job description. It is a type of a document which clearly tells about the responsibilities and duty of the employees (Barrick, Thurgood, Smith and Courtright, 2015). The leadership skills should be implemented by the top managers which will assist the organization to analyze the opportunities which are related with growth and the employees of the organization. The managers should tell about the ideas which are related with finding the opportunities and to enhance the skills of the employees (Goetsch and Davis, 2014). Motivation is an important factor that will help the employee to know about the opportunities that are prevailing in the professional sector. If the job description is made then it can be easy for the organization to enhance the strength of the employees who are bored from their job. By participating in the job description the employees can easily perform their roles and responsibilities and can also enhance their capacity to work in effective manner (Sung and Choi, 2014). In this article it is seen that there are employees who are engaged in the weaving and manufacturing industry. The total numbers of employees are 229 from which 183 are working in the industrial area of weaving and 46 workers are working in the manufacturing plant. By supporting the thesis statement, it is argues that the motivation techniques enhances the efficiency of the workers. There are various theories which are based on enhancing the level of motivation. It is seen in Abrahams Maslow theory of needs which are based the five needs. The hierarchy needs are: Physiological: It consists of the needs which are the basic necessity of an individual. It is concerned with the needs and wants that are very essential for an individual. Safety: It consists of the needs which are concerned with the security and emotional harm of an individual. The managers should give main focus on this, as it can enhance the efficiency of the employees. Social: This need is concerned with the social belongingness of an individual. Esteem: It consists of two factors internal and external in which the self-respect, status and recognition is well defined. The manager should give focus on the needs of an employee, so that the employee can feel happy to conduct its operations. Self-actualization: In this the self-fulfillment needs of an employee or an individual should be analyzed in effective manner (Maslow, 2015). By analyzing this theory, it is seen that the manager gets an idea to enhance the motivation level of the employee by taking into consideration the needs of an individual. The theory is logical and gives a proper understanding of the needs and wants of the consumers (Jehanzeb and Bashir, 2013). Motivation also helps the employee to earn incentives. If the employee is motivated, then it is seen that the work conducted by them is done in proper way and with full dedication and confidence. So, by analyzing the whole article, it can be easily said that motivation is a beneficial technique or the method that should be adopted by the organization, to enhance the productivity and profitability of the organization. By analyzing the article it is seen that it gives a proper outlook of the benefits that can be easily attained by the organization and the employees. The techniques that are implemented by the organization will give a direct effect on the working pattern of the employees and will also help increase the efficiency of the employees (Paill, Chen, Boiral and Jin, 2014). If the employees are efficient towards the work, then it can be a great advantage for both the organization and for the employees, as it can give an opportunity to an employee to earn more and more incentives . References Barrick, M.R., Thurgood, G.R., Smith, T.A. and Courtright, S.H., 2015. Collective organizational engagement: Linking motivational antecedents, strategic implementation, and firm performance.Academy of Management Journal,58(1), pp.111-135. Colbert, A.E., Barrick, M.R. and Bradley, B.H., 2014. Personality and leadership composition in top management teams: Implications for organizational effectiveness.Personnel Psychology,67(2), pp.351-387. Ford, J.K., 2014.Improving training effectiveness in work organizations. Psychology Press. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Greco, L.M., Charlier, S.D., Christopher, J. and Brown, K.G., 2014. Technological Advances in Employee Training and Development. Jehanzeb, K. and Bashir, N.A., 2013. Training and development program and its benefits to employee and organization: A conceptual study.European Journal of business and management,5(2). Maslow, A.H., 2015. A theory of human motivation.Classics of Organization Theory,50, p.142. Paill, P., Chen, Y., Boiral, O. and Jin, J., 2014. The impact of human resource management on environmental performance: An employee-level study.Journal of Business Ethics,121(3), pp.451-466. Phillips, J.J. and Phillips, P.P., 2016.Handbook of training evaluation and measurement methods. Routledge. Sung, S.Y. and Choi, J.N., 2014. Do organizations spend wisely on employees? Effects of training and development investments on learning and innovation in organizations.Journal of organizational behavior,35(3), pp.393-412.

Let Them Eat Fat Essays - Obesity, Bariatrics, Body Shape

Abstract The article ?Let Them Eat Fat? by Greg Crister starts off introducing a story about a boy in a hospital whose body is suffocating in its own fat, or so this is the way they describe it. This boy had two stomach stapling?s that came apart. The author of this article was stricken by the facts of a young boy basically dying of obesity. In America obesity is spreading together with depression, heart disease, and cancer. It is considered alike to life threatening diseases. One fifth of Americans are considered obese. If obesity is ignored by medical practitioners, soon almost all American will be overweight. Children and young adults are more prone to becoming overweight; most of them already are. ?This is an epidemic in the U.S. the likes of which we have not had before in chronic disease.? (Dietz, William) Many fast food restaurants are coming up with solutions to target the most vulnerable of customers. That is, poor inner-city consumers. McDonalds and many other fast food restaurant have offers such as supersizing meals which double or triple in calories and carbohydrates, for only a few cents more. The result of this only leads to health concerns which include the endocrine system. Concerns about diabetes, kidney damage, and heart problems which can eventually lead to a stroke, are brought into consideration. America has become less active and is now exposed to great numbers of growing fast food industries. Obesity seems to be targeting children, and is most common in low income families. It is a problem that must not be ignored. Obesity in children leads to very high numbers of health problems, and if not treated can be fatal. All in all, the question is raised ?What has society come to, and can we improve obesity rates Obesity has been exposed, now the solution lies in our hands.

How the Ethiopian health care system and the implementation of an increased user fee for health services in governmental health institutions The WritePass Journal

How the Ethiopian health care system and the implementation of an increased user fee for health services in governmental health institutions Introduction How the Ethiopian health care system and the implementation of an increased user fee for health services in governmental health institutions Introduction1. Dinition of User Fee2. Aim of the Essay  3.  Ethiopia backgroundEthiopiaUser fee in Ethiopia  Positive ArgumentCounter ArgumentRecommendationsRelated Introduction 1. Dinition of User Fee User fee health care defined as the mandatory and voluntary levies imposed on   a person for consumption of goods or services in governmental or private health institution .In other words it is the amount of money levied on individuals for the use of goods and services from which they receive special benefits (Duff, 2004). 2. Aim of the Essay The aim of the essay is to show briefly the Ethiopian health care system and the implementation of an increased user fee for health services in governmental health institutions. The secondly, I will mention some points in the importance negative and positive effect of user for Ethiopian health care. Finally, I will mention some recommendation that the Ethiopian government should incorporate in the national health care plan of the country. Back ground Information   Global History The Private or voluntary health insurance first started in Europe in the early eighteenth century. In the nineteenth century, private insurance had expanded throughout Europe and spread to North and South America. The social or compulsory insurance was introduced in Germany for industrial workers in 1883, building on the existing voluntary procedures coverage was later extended to family members, their employees and pensioners. Payroll –based social insurance system developed steadily in Europe, and later in Latin America and Asia. The current health finance system in African countries highly related to the health care finance system of colonizing country in the past. Epidemiological health transition from communicable disease to non-communicable disease, 56% of all deaths in the world was from non-communicable disease. These are unevenly distributed among different social classes. None communicable disease was account for 34% of the deaths in the poorest 20% of the world population as compared to 85% among the richest. This indicates that inexpensive effective interventions against communicable diseases still have a high priority in improving the health of the poor. Recessions: the negative effect of structural adjustment program , rising international debts resulted in severe resource shortage for health care systems in many low-income countries in late 1989(Yates 2009), public budget cut , decline in quality and quantity of health   care ,   underpayment of staff and patient dissatisfaction. Prevalence of malnutrition increased in most developing countries and infant mortality rise despite steady improvement during the previous decade (Stewart 1989). In 1987 UNICEF and WHO launched the Bamako initiative , a strategy aimed to improve maternal health and reduce infant   mortality in low income countries through a re-organization of primary health care system and drug distribution (Kanji 1989). World Bank in 1987 financing health service in developing countries: Agenda for reform which is based on introduction of user fee to cover 20% of health expenditure. The revenue will be used to improve health service, as a means of additional revenue generation, to reduce unnecessary demand , to increase peoples responsibility for   their health and to increase rural health care for marginalized population by the revenue.   3.  Ethiopia background Ethiopia Ethiopia is one of the least developed countries in the world with low developmental indicators even the least from in sub-Saharan countries. Ethiopia is 171th out of 182 countries in the world with a value of 0.414 human development indexes which is a composite measure of three dimensions of human developmental indicators:   life expectancy, education and GDP per capita.   According to 2009 UNDP estimate, 44.2 percent of the population lives below the poverty line of under $1.25 per capita per day (UNDP 2009). The number of people living under poverty is expected to rise due the progressive global economic crisis and the country`s increasing population growth. Ethiopia has the worst health outcomes in the world with high under 5-mortality with a value of 166 per 1.000 and maternal mortality rates with a value of 850 per 100,000 (WHO 2009). User fee in Ethiopia Ethiopia health care has been predominantly public until recently with the change in the political policy of the country as democratic and free market. Currently almost half of the health care institutions are privately owned hospital and clinics. Until recently the cost of health care user fee in governmental institutions from out pocket was only 15% but now the cost is increased to 85% of total cost an individual health care consumption .The democratic government has under taken important steps to improve the population`s health status and to make health care more efficient and accessible for everybody. Some improvement in population health indicator such as immunization coverage and slight decline in malnutrition rates since 2006 the protection of basic services program. Nevertheless per capital public spending for health remain far below the average from sub-Saharan Africa. Insufficient equipment and a shortage of health a workers plus strong biases towards curative services and little involvement from the private sector and NGO. The condition further exacerbated by high population growth with an annual growth rate of 2.7 %( 2005-2010 , UNDP 2009). User fee at health care facility thus remain an important feature to generate resource from heavily underfunded health sector. The minister of health is currently considering   national health care scheme.   Positive Argument Ethiopia has been using user fee for health care service many decades to share the cost health care at least 15% of an individual total cost of health care. Since the last decade due to global economic inflation and lack of resources to cover the cost of public health care cost , the government increased the health care cost to 75%. This is very important to increase economic efficiency where by scarce resources are allocated to their most valuable uses both within the public sector and between the private and public sectors. The levied charge enhance the accountability of public sector , making it more responsive to differing preferences and changes in the demand for publicly provided goods and services as well as cost recovery and increased equity . The idea of benefit taxation is applied based on the principle of fairness as every payer pays only for the goods and services that they use. A case of efficiency can be made if the revenue from user fee are channelled into provision of good quality care, increased availability of drugs , and prompt services which should mitigate the negative effects created by lack of access to quality care . Implementation of user fee has a minimal undesirable effect but these could themselves reinforce the adverse effect of user fees which is suffered by the poor. In Africa specifically, the bulk of the problem is financing health care for the poor and predominately rural dwelling. The poor are more sensitive to price changes but not to say health care should be free. In competitive market every economic agent should face their marginal cost of their action. In case health care, health care is a right, a necessity and has externality. The use of community health insurance or prepayment schemes have been found to be viable even from experience in parts of Africa , further viable into the broader perspective of national health insurance schemes or microfinance institutions . The idea of universal coverage likely to increase access of the poor to health care most especially when cross subsidization is possible. Internal private bargain such that achievable the Coase theorem such that demand for heath care does not depend of the distribution of income. This is more related to social solidarity which is very likely to produce valuable results in the African setting. Non-monetary access costs such as travel time are important determinants of health care choices. The geographical distribution of services may make access more difficult for some groups. The revenue can be re-invested to reduce non-monetary access costs and consequently minimize consumer’s welfare loss. The elimination of user fee in some African countries was driven by political motivation for vote maximization (William Nordus submission). Counter Argument Experience in some African countries such as Uganda, user fee abruptly removed in 2001, South Africa in 1994 during the period of transition to democracy has led others similar countries such as Rwanda , Zambia , Brundi, Democratic Republic of Congo and Niger to implement similar reforms though on selected facilities or services showed increased utilization of public services and women are also likely to benefit from reduction in user fees. The implementation of user fee may impose heavier burden on the poor who are most likely to face a higher burden of disease (Nyanator 2009 and Kutzin). It contradicts the very purpose for which public provision was intended and budgetary flexibility will be limited where revenues are ear marked to health expenditure on the publicly provided health services from which the revenue are derived . The presence of user fee can cause sustained decrease in health care service utilization by the poor and middle income family. The attitude individuals towards user fees can adversely impact on government revenue as well as their political viability. The economic theory based on efficiency, marginal value of user fee in public must exceed private(Duff,2009). In early 1980 studies showed that price may not important determinant of demand late studies showed prices may have a significant negative impact of demand for health care especially in developing counties and on the poor. The poor are very sensitive to small changes to price even for health care . Strong link between health and poverty which could lead to medical poverty trap phenomena. The poor who already cannot afford to use private health care services due to high cost can no longer afford to use public . This leads to untreated morbidity, reduced access to health care, longer-term impoverishment and irrational drug use. Evidence further showed increased inequalities associated with user fees. The actors of Ethiopian health care system are the World bank , WHO, UNICEF , the people, government , NGOs, , community leaders, politician and others. Ethiopian government health care has been using very low cost sharing 15% user fee for long period of time but recently due to the structural adjustment program most of the government health care units increased their user fee to 70% from the total cost. The government only covers 30% of the cost of health by covering only the salary of the health worker. All governmental health institutions charge 70% of the total individual health care cost which used as revenue to improve the quality of care and buying medical equipment and other running cost of the health institutions. The user fee in governmental health care units as expensive as the private health care cost which has maginillized the poor and rural dwelling people. The effect of user in poor society has been worse specially for mother and children as they are frequent user of t he health care. Recommendations Health care financing remain a challenge in most low and middle income countries where disease burdens are high due to HIV/AIDS and rising prevalence of non-communicable diseases, scarce resources and constantly competing priority on the public budget (Gottret and Schieber 2006). Out of pocket payments for health care continue to be an important source for revenue for underfunded health system in many developing countries like Ethiopia. Ethiopia has a long history and tradition for user fee for health services and it is in this aspect very different from most of the developing countries that introduced fees in the 1980s.Most of Ethiopian have never experienced free health care in their adult life. . User fees are seen as a financial barrier to healthcare usage, especially by poor households. Delayed or no medical care-seeking behaviours or inability to undergo the recommended hospital care due to high cost in government or private hospitals. The government should try to encourage already existing social sickness fund system which traditional called â€Å"Eders†. In traditional Eder , the members will pay monthly fee which will used if someone lose his family by death for grief and financial stability. Sickness fund(Eder) is another type of social insurance system which is accepted and sustainable method if it is given special focus by the government in controlling how it works and expanding nationwide to protect household from impoverishment in case of major health events. Another alternative is Ethiopia should develop national health insurance system by means health tax from individual household.